Optimization of Thermoultrasound Process of Soursop (Annona muricata) Nectar and Comparison of Its Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Antioxidants with Pasteurized Sample.

Research background: Soursop nectar contains antioxidants and is preserved by pasteurization. However, this technology impairs its physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds. An alternative is therefore thermoultrasound, which could counteract these effects. The thermosonicated nectar was compared with a pasteurized one and the in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants was estimated. Experimental approach: The soursop nectar (25 %) was processed and the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal conditions for thermoultrasound treatment (TUS). The TUS (75-90 % amplitude, 3.15-15 min) was applied, and 2 % stevia and 6 % agave inulin were added as sweeteners. The microbiological, physicochemical, enzymatic and antioxidant properties were analyzed. The properties of thermosonicated nectar obtained under optimal conditions were compared with pasteurized nectar. In addition to the above determinations, microstructure, total dietary fiber (TDF) and in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants were determined. Results and conclusions: The response variables that fit the mathematical model were L*, b*, chroma (C*), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity determined by ABTS•+, DPPH˙ and Fe(III) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The L* and DPPH˙ were affected by quadratic time and TPC by time (p<0.0001). The optimum TUS condition was 82 % amplitude for 9.15 min and the responses variables were L*, b* and C* (45.48, 3.55 and 3.62, respectively), TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents (38.40 mg/100 mL), ABTS•+ expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE) (31.28 µmol/100 mL), DPPH˙ expressed as TE (124.22 µmol/100 mL) and FRAP expressed as Fe(II) (3.06 µmol/100 mL). Compared to the pasteurized sample, thermosonicated sample had high values of L* (45.56), h° (-56.49), TPC (26.63 mg/100 mL), ABTS•+ and DPPH˙ (22.03 and 129.22 µmol/100 mL, respectively), FRAP (3.10 µmol/100 mL) and low pectin methylesterase (PME) activity (0.28 U/mL). For in vitro bioaccessibility, thermosonicated nectar showed high absorption of TPC (15.26/100 mL) and high antioxidant activity determined by ABTS (34.92 µmol/100 mL) and FRAP (7.88 µmol/100 mL). Novelty and scientific contribution: The thermoultrasound improves the physicochemical properties and in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants in soursop nectar. On the other hand, as an alternative, this beverage offers low-calorie alternative with prebiotic properties that benefits consumer health.

Historia clínica en psiquiatría infanto-juvenil / The medical history in child and adolescent psychiatry

INTRODUCCIÓN: La formación de los futuros especialistas en psiquiatría infanto-juvenil necesita el aprendizaje de técnicas específicas de interacción con el paciente, sus padres y profesores que ayuden a focalizar la anamnesis dentro de un marco homogéneo encaminado a conseguir, cuanto antes, un diagnóstico y un tratamiento adecuados. OBJETIVOS: 1º Mostrar el modelo de anamnesis que hemos usado habitualmente en primeras consultas de niños y adolescentes, a lo largo de nuestra práctica clínica, para colaborar en un diseño curricular común de la especialidad. 2º Analizar los resultados diagnósticos y terapéuticos obtenidos al revisar, retrospectivamente, historias clínicas realizadas con el mismo modelo de anamnesis que se presenta. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: En relación al material utilizado, se describe, pormenorizadamente, nuestro modelo de anamnesis y de coordinación escolar. En relación a la metodología, hemos revisado 147 historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos, previa-mente, con el mismo modelo de anamnesis, durante el periodo de noviembre del 2007 a abril del 2008, por el equipo de salud mental infanto-juvenil del CSM Arganzuela de Madrid. Para valorar el modelo sistemático de preguntas y respuestas que presentamos, hemos comparado, con la bibliografía reciente, los resultados de las variables de diagnóstico psiquiátrico, tratamiento y coordinación escolar de la muestra. RESULTADOS: Respecto al diagnóstico, en 80 historias clínicas (54,4 %) se observaban dificultades de adaptación a situaciones estresantes del entorno, coincidiendo 66 casos con trastorno adaptativo (44,8 %) y otros 14 con trastorno por estrés postraumático (9,5 %). El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se daba en 36 pacientes (24,4 %) y el trastorno de comportamiento (TC) en 14 (9,5 %). El trastorno depresivo se confirmaba en 31 casos (21 %) y el trastorno de ansiedad en 23 (15,6 %). Respecto al tratamiento, la intervención había sido psico-terapéutica en 144 casos (97,9 %), farmacológica en 68 (46,2 %), social en 25 (17 %) y educativa en 144 niños y adolescentes (97,9 %). Respecto a la coordinación escolar se realizaron entrevistas en el centro académico, con los tutores de los pacientes, en 113 casos (76,8 % del total). CONCLUSIONES: 1ª Los modelos de anamnesis referidos en este artículo muestran su utilidad para precisar el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la prevención en salud mental infanto-juvenil. 2ª Nuestras actividades de coordinación escolar enseñan habilidades imprescindibles para el trabajo psiquiátrico comunitario

INTRODUCTION: The training of future specialists in child and adolescent psychiatry involves the acquisition of the skills required for interacting with the patient, their parents and teachers. These techniques help to direct the anamnesis within in structured manner which focuses on achieving, as early as possible, a proper diagnosis and treatment. Objetives: 1) To describe the medical history model we have used in our clinical practice during initial consultations with children and adolescents, and to contribute to the design of a com mon framework to be used by specialists of child and adolescent psychiatry. 2) To analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic results obtained by retrospectively reviewing clinical histories taken using the same medical history model presented. Materials And METHODS: In relation to the materials used, our medical history model and a school report form are described in detail. With regards to the methodology, were viewed the medical histories of 147 patients who were attend ed to over a period of time spanning from November 2007 and April 2008 by the child and adolescent mental health team at the Arganzuela Mental Health Center in Madrid. To evaluate the systematic model of questions and answers that we present, we have compared the results obtained for variables related to the psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and coordination with the patients' schools with those reported in recent literature. RESULTS: In 80 patients (54.4%) we observed difficulties in adapting to stressful situations, where 66 individuals (44.8%) were diagnosed with Adjustment disorder and the other 14 with Post-traumatic stress disorder (9.5%). Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) was diagnosed in 36 patients (24.4%) and Conduct disorder in another 14 (9.5%). Depression was recognized in 31 cases (21%) and Anxiety disorder in 23 (15.6%). Treatment was psychological in 144 cases (97.9%), pharmacological in 68 (46.2%), social in 25 (17%) and educative in 144 children and adolescents (97.9%). A request for a school report was made for all of the patients included in the sample. As each school report was sent back, a coordination meeting was set up with the teachers associated with 113 cases (76.8%). CONCLUSIONS: 1) The protocols referred to in this work have proven to be effective at facilitating diagnose, treatment and prevention in childhood and adolescent mental health. Coordination with schools helps to teach the essential skills needed for child psychiatric work within a community

The medical history in child and adolescent psychiatry.

The training of future specialists in child and adolescent psychiatry involves the acquisition of the skills required for interacting with the patient, their parents and teachers. These techniques help to direct the anamnesis within in structured manner which focuses on achieving, as early as possible, a proper diagnosis and treatment.